IPA phoneme /æ/

In Received Pronunciation, the IPA phoneme /æ/ corresponds to the vowel sound in words like "trap", "hat" and "brand".

In General American /æ/ corresponds to the vowel sound in words like "trap", "hat" and "brand" and also in "bath", "laugh" and "ask".

The IPA phonetic symbol [æ] corresponds to the /æ/ sound as pronounced by an American. The same phoneme has the sound [a] in Received Pronunciation, and that is the controversial notation used by the Concise Oxford Dictionary.

In Teflpedia a broad notation is used. This means that the difference between American [æ] and British [a] is not important, and both pronunciations are rendered as /æ/. Slashes are used for broad notation and brackets are used for narrow notation.

This phoneme is informally called “short a” or the short sound of the letter a. Better pronounceable names are the TRAP vowel and the vowel of TRAP .



Common words
Some common words which practice the pronunciation of /æ/ include the following:
 * act - add - and - ankle - back - bad - band - bank - bat - black - can - carry - fact - family - flat - hand - happen - happy - land - man - match - matter - plan - sad - stand - thank - travel - understand - value - tax - track
 * homophones: band - banned; pact - packed

Spelling
/æ/ is always followed by one or more consonants. In derived words a single consonant is usually doubled (plan, planned; dad, daddy).

Spelling anomalies

 * meringue /məˈræŋ/ - plaid /plæd/

Heteronyms

 * patent
 * /ˈpætənt/: right to make an invention
 * /ˈpeɪtənt/: obvious, evident

Variant pronunciations

 * catch /kætʃ, ktʃ/
 * marshmallow /ˌmɑːrʃˈmæləʊ, ˈmɑːrʃˌmləʊ/

Anticipated pronunciation difficulties depending on L1
Preconceived ideas and other interferences from L1 obviously interfere in many cases with how students perceive - and pronounce - sounds/words in English. The following sections aims to point out some of the most typical difficulties teachers and students may encounter regarding pronunciation.

Spanish
See IPA phoneme /ʌ/.

To help students pronounce /æ/ there are three schools of thought:
 * Practising the Spanish "a" followed rapidly by the "e" (however this would result in a diphthong like the one in "eye").
 * A better method would be trying to produce a sound in between Spanish "a" [a] and Spanish "e" [e] at the same time, or opening the mouth to say [a] and trying to pronounce [e].
 * The third alternative is to believe the Concise Oxford Dictionary (1966) that thinks /æ/ currently sounds [a] in Received Pronunciation. For a discussion see . This would result in sounding as Spanish "a" and practising /ʌ/ as a different vowel, midway between Spanish "o" and Spanish "a".